Gross motor development
This relates to large movements of the body. In the first year, the major role of the gross motor system is to support your baby’s control against gravity – demonstrated by learning to roll, sit, crawl and starting to walk.
Fine motor development
Your baby will develop skills that involve the use of small muscles in their hands and fingers to precisely manipulate objects. Hand-eye coordination is an essential part of fine motor development.
Social and emotional development
Forming emotional attachments and connections with parents and caregivers is important. Babies build relationships by smiling, being social and responding to other people.
Speech and language development
Communicating and understanding words correctly takes time and lots of practice. Learning how to talk is a complex process that is influenced by your baby’s hearing, individual ability, as well as other people and their environment.
Premature babies develop according to their adjusted age rather than their chronological age. Making allowances for prematurity helps provide an accurate assessment of a baby’s development.
To estimate a baby’s adjusted or developmental age, take away the weeks or months of prematurity from your baby’s actual age. Most parents are advised to correct for prematurity until their baby is at least two years of age.
Create a warm, consistent and nurturing home
Providing lots of love and attention causes your baby’s brain to produce chemicals that help them develop, so be sure to respond to their cries, look into their eyes and smile back at them. Maintaining a routine helps your baby feel safe and secure.
Carry your baby in your arms, sling or pouch
Newborns love to be cuddled. Being held close to your body helps build attachment and makes your baby feel loved and safe, which is essential for healthy social, emotional and cognitive development.
Give your baby supervised tummy time when they are awake
Even from the earliest days, spending some time playing on their tummy each day builds head, neck and upper body strength. Remember to follow the SIDS and Kids guidelines for safety.
Provide a stimulating and safe environment that your baby is keen to explore
Your baby will learn a lot about how things work just by playing and interacting with what’s around them, plus it gives them a chance to develop their gross motor skills. Be sure to make your home safe – you’ll be surprised at what little hands can reach or how far your baby can roll or crawl!
Provide opportunities for constructive and age-appropriate play
Playing with your baby helps them learn. Providing simple toys of different sizes, colours and shapes, or activities like reading, playing music and singing, are perfect at this age.
Read books, sing songs, recite rhymes and talk to your baby every day
Activities that familiarise your baby with sounds and words build the foundation for developing language and communication skills.
Aim for activities that build interaction and relationships with people
Relationships influence how your baby thinks, behaves and socialises. Games like peek-a-boo strengthen attachment and develop social and emotional skills. Meeting and playing with other babies or children helps too.
Ensure your baby has a healthy diet and good quality healthcare
When moving onto solids, provide a range of nutritious foods for optimal growth and development, including wholegrain foods, dairy, fruits and vegetables. Remember to continue your baby’s usual milk until they are at least 12 months old.
Avoid screen time
Too much time in front of the TV prevents babies from being active, which can restrict development. Children under two should not have any screen time.
Avoid over-stimulating your baby
Providing your baby with activities that help them grow is important but they also need quiet time to rest too. Be sensitive to the signals that they give you, including crying, crankiness, jerky movements and turning their head away from you.
Make the most of those special moments – take pleasure in your baby and enjoy spending time together.
Over the first few months of life, your baby’s inbuilt survival reflexes tend to be replaced by more intentional movements as their nervous system matures. Many factors influence learning developmental skills, including genetics, environment and individual biology.
The milestones listed on the following pages are for guidance only. Development is a dynamic process; there will be months when your baby seems to be rapidly acquiring many new skills and other periods when they may not seem to be progressing very far at all. This is normal, and is due to the brain having to focus on a range of different areas of development as they all compete for energy.
1st Month
Your baby may be able to:
- Lift their head briefly when they are lying on their tummy
- Focus on someone’s face, especially yours, from 20–30 cm away
- Respond to sudden noise by crying, startling or becoming calm
- Show signs of smiling
- Still display their sucking and grasping reflexes.
2nd Month
Your baby may be able to:
- Smile – most likely in response and recognition
- Make sounds which are different to crying – cooing noises are especially delightful!
- Hold their head in their midline to look at a toy or mobile over their head, particularly when lying on their back
- Turn toward sounds
- Reach out and touch things with their hands.
3rd Month
Your baby may be able to:
- Bring both of their hands towards their midline when lying on their back
- Have better head control when sitting
- Follow a toy or object when it is held about 15 cm from their face and moved side to side around 180 degrees
- Make an attempt at, and show interest in, grasping objects
- Create more organised movements like learning how to control their arms and swipe at objects
- Really enjoy their bath time.
4th Month
Your baby may be able to:
- Turn to the sound of a voice
- Laugh out loud and become more social and interested in the world around them
- Lift their head about 90 degrees when lying on their tummy
- Reach for an object like a rattle and grasp it
- Babble regularly
- Roll to one side.
5th Month
Your baby may be able to:
- Hold their head steady when they are in an upright position
- Lift their chest when lying on their tummy and using their arms for support
- Lift their legs when lying on their back, holding and playing with their feet
- Focus their eyes on a small object and reach for it
- Squeal in delight when excited
- Dribble more as their salivary glands produce more saliva
- Become aware of other parts of their body, like their chest, knees and toes
- Change their sleeping behaviour – they may sleep less during the day and for a little longer overnight.
6th Month
Your baby may be able to:
- Bounce or stand while being supported
- Sit unsupported
- Reach with intent and use their hands as tools to grasp, grab, bang and turn toyst
- Roll both ways from front to back and then back to front
- Really start babbling in preparation for speaking
- Focus on something which has grabbed theirattention, and then follow it with their eyes.
7th Month
Your baby may be able to:
- Resist being put on their back, with lots of attempts to roll over onto their tummy – you may observe this when trying to change their nappies
- Learn how to hold finger foods and feed themselves
- Coo and babble even more, blow raspberries and smile at others
- Protest if they have a toy taken away from them
- Reach for and work hard to get to a toy which is out of reach
- Play peek-a-boo.
8th Month
Your baby may be able to:
- Say ‘Mama’ and ‘Dada’
- Rake a small object, such as a toy, and then pick it up in their fist
- Bear some of their own weight when being held upright
- Stand upright when holding onto someone’s hand or the furniture
- Be more mobile and able to crawl on all fours or use their bottom to shuffle around
- Recognise familiar faces, and be wary when they are near unfamiliar people
- Show interest in a variety of solid foods, and explore different tastes and textures.
9th Month
Your baby may be able to:
- Develop object permanence – an understanding that something still exists even if it can’t be seen. You can test this by watching your baby as they look for a toy which has dropped out of sight.
- Sit alone for a few moments when put into a sitting position
- Feed themselves with finger foods and small pieces of food which have been cut up – it’s important feeding time is still supervised and appropriate finger foods are given to reduce the risk of choking
- Transfer a small toy from one hand to the other.
10th Month
Your baby may be able to:
- Pull themselves into a standing position from sitting
- Stand by themselves for a short period, but will still probably need to hold onto someone or something for support
- Vocalise eagerly, with lots of ‘Mamas’, ‘Dadas’ and ‘Bubbas’
- Learn to crawl
- Understand what “no” means but not always pay attention to it
- Start wandering around furniture but still need to hold onto something stable
- Enjoy playing peek-a-boo and familiar games.
11th Month
Your baby may be able to:
- Shuffle into a sitting position from being on their front
- See and pick up small objects with their thumb and finger
- Babble for their own amusement – they may even say their first real word
- Show what they want by pointing and making sounds
- Recognise when you are not with them by getting upset
- Show interest in different sounds, especially voices
- Use their fingers to feed themselves, holding onto their own bottle or a sippy cup with a little help
- Show you affection
- Show signs of a sense of humour.
12th Month
Your baby may be able to:
- Demonstrate their will by protesting and not always being compliant
- Drink from a cup independently
- Play ball by rolling a ball back to you
- Be more interactive, enjoying the company of others and engaging them by smiling and ‘talking’
- Understand quite a few words and expand their vocabulary with words in their own unique language
- Move independently by either crawling or walking, though they may need to still hold onto the furniture for support
- Display interactive behaviour such as clapping their hands, waving goodbye and enjoying familiar songs and rhymes.
It’s important for parents to be aware of any signs that could indicate their baby isn’t reaching some of their expected milestones. If you have any concerns about any aspect of your baby’s development including their vision, hearing, mobility or interaction with you, speak to a healthcare professional.
Things you can look out for:
- Not achieving their developmental milestones or is late in a number of milestones
- Not responding to your voice or noises around them
- Not interacting with other people
- Differences of strength and movement between your baby’s left and right sides
- Low muscle tone, loose or floppy movements, or alternately, feeling stiff and tense.
